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内容記述 |
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two types of categorical information on three levels of categorization in kindergarten children and adults, who were assumed to differ in their existing knowledge of categories. Experiment 1 : In the no-information trials, the subjects were required to judge whether two instances in each pair belonged to the same group or not. Four pairs wereprovided : dog1-dog2 (basic), dog1- rabbit (intermediate), dog1- swallow (superordinate), and dog1- pencil (irrelevant). In the information trials, the subjects were given information having novel words such as "These are kutes" to dog3-dog4 (basic), "These are keyos" to dog3-cat (intermediate), and "These are wamos" to dog3- sparrow (superordinate) pairs. After then, the subjects were again required to judge whether the two instances of four pairs used in the no-information trials belonged to the same group or not. Categorization was assessed by "Yes" judgements to each pair. When the novel-word information was given to the basic pair, categorization was facilitated at the intermediate pair for children, but inhibited at the intermediate and superordinate pairs for adults. When the information was given to the intermediate pair, categorization was facilitated at the intermediate pair for children and adults, but inhibited at the basic pair and facilitated at the superordmate pair for children. When the information was given to the superordmate pair, categorization was more facilitated at the superordinate pair for adults than for children. It was inhibited at the basic but facilitated at the intermediate pairs for adults. Experiment 2 : In the information trials, the subjects were given three levels of information having functional attributes to the dog1 in each of the three levels of pairs : that is, "This barks at someone" (basic), "This runs on the ground" (intermediate), and "This baits" (superordinate). When the functional information was given to the basic pair, categorization was facilitated at the superordinate pair for children, but inhibited at the intermediate and superordinate pairs for adults. When the information was given to the intermediate pair, categorization was facilitated at the intermediate pair for children and adults, but inhibited at the superordinate pair for adults. When the information was given to the superordinate pair, categorization was inhibited at the basic pair for children, but facilitated at the intermediate and superordinate pairs for children and adults. The latter facilitative effect was greater for adults than for children. |
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