WEKO3
アイテム
アメリカにおける20世紀前半の臨時教員免許状政策とその後の影響
http://hdl.handle.net/10105/479
http://hdl.handle.net/10105/479098eab40-018d-4681-ba9b-66697dfa5938
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
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NUE47_1_167.pdf (652.2 kB)
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| アイテムタイプ | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||||
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| 公開日 | 2010-06-08 | |||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||
| タイトル | アメリカにおける20世紀前半の臨時教員免許状政策とその後の影響 | |||||||
| 言語 | ||||||||
| 言語 | jpn | |||||||
| キーワード | ||||||||
| 主題 | 臨時免許状, 教員不足, 臨時教員, emergency certificate, teacher shortage, emergency teacher, conversion program | |||||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||||
| 著者 |
八尾坂, 修
× 八尾坂, 修
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| 著者(ヨミ) | ||||||||
| 姓名 | ヤオサカ, オサム | |||||||
| 著者別名 | ||||||||
| 姓名 | YAOSAKA, Osamu | |||||||
| 抄録 | ||||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||||
| 内容記述 | One important event in the history of teacher certification in the United States was the establishment of a state-controlled teacher training and certification system in the first half of the 20th century. When examining the structure of the teacher certification system of that period, the following aspects cannot be overlooked. 1. The effects of supply-demand relationships on the requirements for the acquisition of certificates, especially the features of the emergency certificates issued during World War II. 2. The Influences of the conversion program and the new problems concerning emergency certificate in the fifties. In Japan very few investigators have referred to these issues. Even in the United States, only brief analyses of these issues have been made. The results of the author's research of these issues are summarized as follows. The two world wars caused shortages of teachers. During World War I , the shortage of teachers was particularly serious in rural schools, where usually only one teacher was assigned to each school. A large number of emergency certificates were issued during World War II. Some states issued a variety of certificates, each requiring a different academic level. Relatively high level emergency certificates were sometimes issued only to individuals who had actually satisfied requirements equivalent to those for receiving ordinary certificates. Emergency certificates were often issued to middle-aged or older individuals who had stopped teaching many years before. These teachers were sometimes less than skillful at teaching and unable to accept new teaching techniques and approaches. To resolve these problems, summer training programs for teachers with emergency certificates were offered after the end of the war. Although it has been pointed out that emergency certificates unfavorably affected the social position of teaching professionals, it is noteworthy that in around 1947, when the number of emergency certificates issued reached a peak, states took actions to improve the educational levels required for the acquisition of teacher certificates. | |||||||
| 書誌情報 |
奈良教育大学紀要. 人文・社会科学 巻 47, 号 1, p. 167-175, 発行日 1998-11-10 |
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| ISSN | ||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | ISSN | |||||||
| 収録物識別子 | 05472393 | |||||||
| 書誌レコードID | ||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||||
| 収録物識別子 | AN00181081 | |||||||
| 著者版フラグ | ||||||||
| 出版タイプ | VoR | |||||||
| その他のタイトル | ||||||||
| その他のタイトル | Emergency Teacher Certification System and Its Influences in the U.S.A. in the First Half of the 20th Century | |||||||
| 出版者 | ||||||||
| 出版者 | 奈良教育大学 | |||||||
